7 June 2022 · Term-2 paper
"Stack is a linear data structure which follows a particular order in which the operations are performed."
- What is the order in which the operations are performed in a Stack ? - Name the List method/function available in Python which is used to remove the last element from a list-implemented stack. - Also write an example using Python statements for removing the last element of the list.
Order of operations performed in a Stack is LIFO (Last In First Out).
The List method in Python used to remove the last element from a list-implemented stack is pop() (or pop(-1)).
Example :
L = [10, 20, 30, 40]
L.pop() # OR L.pop(-1)A stack is a LIFO data structure — the most recently pushed element is the first one popped. Python's list.pop() with no argument removes and returns the last element, mirroring stack pop. (FILO — First In Last Out — is also accepted.)
- VoIP : Voice over Internet Protocol - PPP : Point to Point Protocol
Standard networking-protocol acronyms. VoIP carries voice traffic over IP networks; PPP is a data-link-layer protocol used over serial links and dial-up.
Riya wants to transfer pictures from her mobile phone to her laptop. She uses Bluetooth technology to connect two devices. Which type of network (PAN/LAN/MAN/WAN) will be formed in this case ?
PAN (Personal Area Network)
Bluetooth has a short range (about 10 m) and is used for device-to-device communication within a person's immediate vicinity, which is the defining characteristic of a PAN.
- Attribute — A column/field of a table (relation). Each attribute has a name and represents one property of the entity stored in the table. - Domain — The set of permissible values from which an attribute can take its value.
Example :
| Name | Class | Marks |
|---|---|---|
| aaa | XII | 90 |
| bbb | X | 99 |
Here Name, Class and Marks are *attributes*. The attribute Class has the domain {X, XII}.
Attribute is the column/field name; Domain is the underlying set of values that column is allowed to take.
Consider the following SQL table MEMBER in a SQL Database CLUB :
Table : MEMBER
| M_ID | NAME | ACTIVITY |
|---|---|---|
| M1001 | Amina | GYM |
| M1002 | Pratik | GYM |
| M1003 | Simon | SWIMMING |
| M1004 | Rakesh | GYM |
| M1005 | Avneet | SWIMMING |
Assume that the required library for establishing the connection between Python and MySQL is already imported. Also assume that DB is the database connection object for the database CLUB.
Predict the output of the following code :
MYCUR = DB.cursor()
MYCUR.execute("USE CLUB")
MYCUR.execute("SELECT * FROM MEMBER WHERE ACTIVITY='GYM' ")
R = MYCUR.fetchone()
for i in range(2):
R = MYCUR.fetchone()
print(R[0], R[1], sep="#")M1002#Pratik
M1004#RakeshThe SELECT returns the 3 GYM members in order: Amina, Pratik, Rakesh. The first fetchone() consumes Amina (but doesn't print). The loop then fetches and prints the next two rows — Pratik and Rakesh — joining M_ID and NAME with '#'.
Table: VACCINATION_DATA
| VID | Name | Age | Dose1 | Dose2 | City |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 101 | Jenny | 27 | 2021-12-25 | 2022-01-31 | Delhi |
| 102 | Harjot | 55 | 2021-07-14 | 2021-10-14 | Mumbai |
| 103 | Srikanth | 43 | 2021-04-18 | 2021-07-20 | Delhi |
| 104 | Gazala | 75 | 2021-07-31 | NULL | Kolkata |
| 105 | Shiksha | 32 | 2022-01-01 | NULL | Mumbai |
Write the output of the SQL query: SELECT Name, Age FROM VACCINATION_DATA WHERE Dose2 IS NOT NULL AND Age > 40;
| Name | Age |
|---|---|
| Harjot | 55 |
| Srikanth | 43 |
Selects records where Dose2 is not null and Age is greater than 40.
| City | COUNT(*) |
|---|---|
| Delhi | 2 |
| Mumbai | 2 |
| Kolkata | 1 |
Groups the data by City and counts the number of records for each city.
| City |
|---|
| Delhi |
| Mumbai |
| Kolkata |
Selects unique City names from the table.
| MAX(Dose1) | MIN(Dose2) |
|---|---|
| 2022-01-01 | 2021-07-20 |
Finds the latest date in Dose1 and the earliest date in Dose2.
Table: DOCTOR
| DNO | DNAME | FEES |
|---|---|---|
| D1 | AMITABH | 1500 |
| D2 | ANIKET | 1000 |
| D3 | NIKHIL | 1500 |
| D4 | ANJANA | 1500 |
Table: PATIENT
| PNO | PNAME | ADMDATE | DNO |
|---|---|---|---|
| P1 | NOOR | 2021-12-25 | D1 |
| P2 | ANNIE | 2021-11-20 | D2 |
| P3 | PRAKASH | 2020-12-10 | NULL |
| P4 | HARMEET | 2019-12-20 | D1 |
Write the output of the SQL query: SELECT DNAME, PNAME FROM DOCTOR NATURAL JOIN PATIENT;
| DNAME | PNAME |
|---|---|
| AMITABH | NOOR |
| ANIKET | ANNIE |
| AMITABH | HARMEET |
Performs a natural join on the common column DNO and selects Doctor and Patient names.
Table: DOCTOR
| DNO | DNAME | FEES |
|---|---|---|
| D1 | AMITABH | 1500 |
| D2 | ANIKET | 1000 |
| D3 | NIKHIL | 1500 |
| D4 | ANJANA | 1500 |
Table: PATIENT
| PNO | PNAME | ADMDATE | DNO |
|---|---|---|---|
| P1 | NOOR | 2021-12-25 | D1 |
| P2 | ANNIE | 2021-11-20 | D2 |
| P3 | PRAKASH | 2020-12-10 | NULL |
| P4 | HARMEET | 2019-12-20 | D1 |
Write the output of the SQL query: SELECT PNAME, ADMDATE, FEES FROM PATIENT P, DOCTOR D WHERE D.DNO = P.DNO AND FEES > 1000;
| PNAME | ADMDATE | FEES |
|---|---|---|
| NOOR | 2021-12-25 | 1500 |
| HARMEET | 2019-12-20 | 1500 |
Joins the tables on DNO and filters for records where Fees are greater than 1000.
Differentiate between Candidate Key and Primary Key in the context of Relational Database Model.
Candidate Key: A table may have more than one or a combination of attribute(s) that identifies a tuple uniquely. All such attribute(s) are known as Candidate Keys. Primary Key: Out of all the Candidate keys, the most appropriate one, which is used for unique identification of the Tuples, is called the Primary Key.
Candidate Keys are all possible unique identifiers; the Primary Key is the specific one chosen to identify rows.
Consider the following table PLAYER : Table : PLAYER
| PNO | NAME | SCORE |
|---|---|---|
| P1 | RISHABH | 52 |
| P2 | HUSSAIN | 45 |
| P3 | ARNOLD | 23 |
| P4 | ARNAV | 18 |
| P5 | GURSHARAN | 42 |
Identify and write the name of the most appropriate column from the given table PLAYER that can be used as a Primary key.
PNO
PNO (Player Number) is the unique identifier for each player in the table.
Consider the following table PLAYER : Table : PLAYER
| PNO | NAME | SCORE |
|---|---|---|
| P1 | RISHABH | 52 |
| P2 | HUSSAIN | 45 |
| P3 | ARNOLD | 23 |
| P4 | ARNAV | 18 |
| P5 | GURSHARAN | 42 |
Define the term Degree in relational data model. What is the Degree of the given table PLAYER ?
Degree: Total number of columns/attributes in a table/relation is known as its Degree. The Degree of the given table is 3.
Degree refers to the number of columns. The table has 3 columns: PNO, NAME, SCORE.
Write the definition of a user defined function PushNV(N) which accepts a list of strings in the parameter N and pushes all strings which have no vowels present in it, into a list named NoVowel.
Write a program in Python to input 5 words and push them one by one into a list named All. The program should then use the function PushNV() to create a stack of words in the list NoVowel so that it stores only those words which do not have any vowel present in it, from the list All. Thereafter, pop each word from the list NoVowel and display the popped word. When the stack is empty display the message 'EmptyStack'.
def PushNV(N):
for W in N:
for C in W:
if C.upper() in 'AEIOU':
break
else:
NoVowel.append(W)
All = []
NoVowel = []
for i in range(5):
All.append(input('Enter a Word: '))
PushNV(All)
while NoVowel:
print(NoVowel.pop(), end=' ')
else:
print('EmptyStack')The code iterates through the input list, checks each word for vowels using a for-else construct, and pushes vowel-free words onto the stack. The while-else then pops every word and prints 'EmptyStack' when done.
Write the definition of a user defined function Push3_5(N) which accepts a list of integers in a parameter N and pushes all those integers which are divisible by 3 or divisible by 5 from the list N into a list named Only3_5.
Write a program in Python to input 5 integers into a list named NUM. The program should then use the function Push3_5() to create the stack of the list Only3_5. Thereafter pop each integer from the list Only3_5 and display the popped value. When the list is empty, display the message 'StackEmpty'.
def Push3_5(N):
for i in N:
if i%3 == 0 or i%5 == 0:
Only3_5.append(i)
NUM = []
Only3_5 = []
for i in range(5):
NUM.append(int(input('Enter an Integer: ')))
Push3_5(NUM)
while Only3_5:
print(Only3_5.pop(), end=' ')
else:
print('StackEmpty')The function checks each integer for divisibility by 3 or 5 and pushes matching values onto the stack. The while-else then pops and displays each value, printing 'StackEmpty' when the stack is exhausted.
A SQL table ITEMS contains the following columns : INO, INAME, QUANTITY, PRICE, DISCOUNT Write the SQL command to remove the column DISCOUNT from the table.
ALTER TABLE ITEMS DROP COLUMN DISCOUNT;
Uses ALTER TABLE to modify the structure and DROP COLUMN to remove the specific column.
DDL Commands : CREATE, DROP DML Commands : INSERT, UPDATE
DDL commands define structure (Create, Drop), while DML commands manipulate data (Insert, Update).
Rohan is learning to work upon Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) application. Help him to perform following tasks : (a) To open the database named 'LIBRARY'.
USE LIBRARY ;
The USE command is used to select and open a specific database.
Rohan is learning to work upon Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) application. Help him to perform following tasks : (b) To display the names of all the tables stored in the opened database.
SHOW TABLES;
SHOW TABLES lists all the tables present in the currently selected database.
Rohan is learning to work upon Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) application. Help him to perform following tasks : (c) To display the structure of the table 'BOOKS' existing in the already opened database 'LIBRARY'.
DESCRIBE BOOKS ;
DESCRIBE (or DESC) command shows the columns, types, and constraints of a table.
Table: PASSENGER
| PNO | NAME | GENDER | FNO |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1001 | Suresh | MALE | F101 |
| 1002 | Anita | FEMALE | F104 |
| 1003 | Harjas | MALE | F102 |
| 1004 | Nita | FEMALE | F103 |
Table: FLIGHT
| FNO | START | END | F_DATE | FARE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F101 | MUMBAI | CHENNAI | 2021-12-25 | 4500 |
| F102 | MUMBAI | BENGALURU | 2021-11-20 | 4000 |
| F103 | DELHI | CHENNAI | 2021-12-10 | 5500 |
| F104 | KOLKATA | MUMBAI | 2021-12-20 | 4500 |
| F105 | DELHI | BENGALURU | 2021-01-15 | 5000 |
Write a query to change the fare to 6000 of the flight whose FNO is F104.
UPDATE FLIGHT SET FARE=6000 WHERE FNO='F104';
UPDATE command modifies existing records. SET specifies the new value, WHERE identifies the row.
Table: PASSENGER
| PNO | NAME | GENDER | FNO |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1001 | Suresh | MALE | F101 |
| 1002 | Anita | FEMALE | F104 |
| 1003 | Harjas | MALE | F102 |
| 1004 | Nita | FEMALE | F103 |
Table: FLIGHT
| FNO | START | END | F_DATE | FARE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F101 | MUMBAI | CHENNAI | 2021-12-25 | 4500 |
| F102 | MUMBAI | BENGALURU | 2021-11-20 | 4000 |
| F103 | DELHI | CHENNAI | 2021-12-10 | 5500 |
| F104 | KOLKATA | MUMBAI | 2021-12-20 | 4500 |
| F105 | DELHI | BENGALURU | 2021-01-15 | 5000 |
Write a query to display the total number of MALE and FEMALE PASSENGERS.
SELECT GENDER, COUNT(*) FROM PASSENGER GROUP BY GENDER;
Groups the passengers by GENDER and counts the occurrences of each group.
Table: PASSENGER
| PNO | NAME | GENDER | FNO |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1001 | Suresh | MALE | F101 |
| 1002 | Anita | FEMALE | F104 |
| 1003 | Harjas | MALE | F102 |
| 1004 | Nita | FEMALE | F103 |
Table: FLIGHT
| FNO | START | END | F_DATE | FARE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F101 | MUMBAI | CHENNAI | 2021-12-25 | 4500 |
| F102 | MUMBAI | BENGALURU | 2021-11-20 | 4000 |
| F103 | DELHI | CHENNAI | 2021-12-10 | 5500 |
| F104 | KOLKATA | MUMBAI | 2021-12-20 | 4500 |
| F105 | DELHI | BENGALURU | 2021-01-15 | 5000 |
Write a query to display the NAME, corresponding FARE and F_DATE of all PASSENGERS who have a flight to START from DELHI.
SELECT NAME, FARE, F_DATE FROM PASSENGER P, FLIGHT F WHERE F.FNO= P.FNO AND START = 'DELHI';
Joins PASSENGER and FLIGHT tables on FNO and filters results where START is 'DELHI'.
Table: PASSENGER
| PNO | NAME | GENDER | FNO |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1001 | Suresh | MALE | F101 |
| 1002 | Anita | FEMALE | F104 |
| 1003 | Harjas | MALE | F102 |
| 1004 | Nita | FEMALE | F103 |
Table: FLIGHT
| FNO | START | END | F_DATE | FARE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F101 | MUMBAI | CHENNAI | 2021-12-25 | 4500 |
| F102 | MUMBAI | BENGALURU | 2021-11-20 | 4000 |
| F103 | DELHI | CHENNAI | 2021-12-10 | 5500 |
| F104 | KOLKATA | MUMBAI | 2021-12-20 | 4500 |
| F105 | DELHI | BENGALURU | 2021-01-15 | 5000 |
Write a query to delete the records of flights which end at Mumbai.
DELETE FROM FLIGHT WHERE END = 'MUMBAI';
DELETE command removes rows where the END column matches 'MUMBAI'.
Differentiate between Bus Topology and Tree Topology. Also, write one advantage of each of them.
Bus Topology: In bus topology, each communicating device connects to a single transmission medium, known as bus. Advantage: It is very cost-effective.
Tree Topology: It is a hierarchical topology, in which there are multiple branches and each branch can have one or more basic topologies like star, ring and bus. Advantage: It is easier to set-up multi-level plans for the network.
Bus topology uses a single backbone cable, while Tree topology is hierarchical. Bus is cheap; Tree handles expansion well.
HTML: It stands for HyperText Markup Language. It contains predefined tags which are used to design webpages. XML: It stands for eXtensible Markup Language. It contains user defined tags to describe and store the data.
HTML is used for displaying data on web pages, while XML is used for storing and transporting data.
A Web browser is a software/tool, which allows us to view/access the content of WebPages. Examples: Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox.
A web browser is a client application for retrieving and displaying information from the World Wide Web.
Galaxy Provider Ltd. is planning to connect its office in Texas, USA with its branch at Mumbai. The Mumbai branch has 3 Offices in three blocks located at some distance from each other for different operations – ADMIN, SALES and ACCOUNTS.
As a network consultant, you have to suggest the best network-related solutions for the issues/problems raised in (a) to (d), keeping in mind the distances between various locations and other given parameters.
Layout of the Offices in the Mumbai branch:
Shortest distances: ADMIN to SALES: 300 m SALES to ACCOUNTS: 175 m ADMIN to ACCOUNTS: 350 m MUMBAI to TEXAS: 14000 km
Computers: ADMIN: 255 ACCOUNTS: 75 SALES: 30 TEXAS: 90
(a) It is observed that there is a huge data loss during the process of data transfer from one block to another. Suggest the most appropriate networking device out of the following, which needs to be placed along the path of the wire connecting one block office with another to refresh the signal and forward it ahead.
(c) REPEATER
A Repeater regenerates the received signal and retransmits it to extend the transmission distance.
(b) Which hardware networking device out of the following, will you suggest to connect all the computers within each block ?
(a) SWITCH
A Switch connects devices within a network (LAN) and filters/forwards packets between them.
(c) Which service/protocol out of the following will be most helpful to conduct live interactions of employees from Mumbai Branch and their counterparts in Texas ?
(d) VoIP
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) allows for voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol networks.
(d) Draw the cable layout (block to block) to efficiently connect the three offices of the Mumbai branch.
